1986a), and 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup ( Neubauer et al. At comets, bow shocks were observed during the flybys of 21P/Giacobini– Zinner ( Jones et al. Early observations of Earth’s bow shock showed a sharp increase in the magnetic field as the solar wind passes the shock, followed by a number of oscillations in the downstream region ( Heppner et al. Shocks are known to form at the interface between plasmas in relative motion: bow shocks upstream of planets and other objects immersed in stellar winds, termination shocks at the edge of the solar system, and shocks in other astrophysical settings ( Treumann 2009). These authors contributed equally to this work. Rosetta observed a cometary bow shock in its infancy, a stage in its development not previously accessible to in situ measurements at comets and planets. The spacecraft crossed the newly formed bow shock several times during two periods a few months before and after perihelion it observed an increase in magnetic field magnitude and oscillation amplitude, electron and proton heating at the shock, and the diminution of the solar wind further downstream. The Rosetta spacecraft was able to observe the formation of a bow shock by following comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko toward the Sun, through perihelion, and back outward again. The bow shock is the first boundary the solar wind encounters as it approaches planets or comets. 3, 38106 Braunschweig, GermanyĮ-mail: Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Box 1048 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norwayĥ Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, 981 28 Kiruna, SwedenĦ Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Rd., San Antonio, TX 78238, USAħ Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Ångström Laboratory, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden Herbert Gunell 1 ,2, ⋆, Charlotte Goetz 3, ⋆, Cyril Simon Wedlund 4, Jesper Lindkvist 2, Maria Hamrin 2, Hans Nilsson 5, Kristie Llera 6, Anders Eriksson 7 and Mats Holmström 5ġ Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Avenue CirculaBrussels, BelgiumĮ-mail: Department of Physics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Swedenģ Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik, TU Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. Astronomical objects: linking to databases.Including author names using non-Roman alphabets.Suggested resources for more tips on language editing in the sciences Punctuation and style concerns regarding equations, figures, tables, and footnotes
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